Vocabulary
English
none at all
sushi
can eat
can buy
I’m going out
For me
to go
masu (formal)
dict (casual)
-te (imperative)
to come
masu (formal)
dict (casual)
-te (imperative)
romaji
zen-zen
sushi
tabe-rare-masu
kae-masu
itte ki-masu
watashi ni
iki-masu
iku
itte
ki-masu
kuru
kite
kana
ぜんぜん
すし
たべられます
かえます
いってきます
わたしに
いきます
いく
いって
きます
きる
きて
kanji
食べられます
買えます
行って来ます
私に
行きます
行く
行って
来ます
来る
来て
- The potential form, e.g., ‘kai-masu → kae-masu’, plays the role of the English auxiliary verb ‘can’, e.g., ‘buy → can buy’.
Sample sentences
Eng: how many are two and two?
lit: two with two, how much is it?
formal
ni to ni de ikura desu ka?
にと にで いくら ですか。
二と二でいくらですか。
casual
ni to ni de ikura?
にと にで いくら?
二と二でいくら?
Eng: Now you are talking to your friend Yoko.
lit: Now you are conversing with your friend Yoko.
This is the same ‘with’ (to) that we would use in ‘eating with me’ (watashi to tabe-masu):
formal
ima youko san to hanashi-masu.
いま ようこさんと はなします。
今ようこさんと話します。
casual
ima youko chan to hanasu.
いま ようこちゃんと はなす。
今ようこちゃんと話す。
Comments
The following comments explain some of the grammar in more detail.
Particles
he – へ
Although this particle is written as ‘he’, it is pronounced ‘e’. It indicates a direction of motion, so we can translate it as ‘to’, ‘towards’ or ‘in the direction of’:
English
where to?
to my place
to the hotel
to Shinjuku
romaji
doko he?
watashi no tokoro he
hoteru he
shinjuku he
to – と
‘to’ means ‘and’ in an exhaustive list:
English
two and two
beer and sake and cola (and nothing else)
beer and sake and cola (and other similar)
romaji
ni to ni
biiru to o-sake to koura
biiru ya o-sake ya koura
Above, a waiter might be telling us that all they have left is ‘beer, sake, and cola’, so s/he’d separate the items with ‘to’, but if s/he is just giving examples of what they have, then s/he’d separate them with ‘ya’.
ni/niwa/nimo – に・には・にも
In this lesson ‘ni’ works as ‘for’:
For me.
For me?
As for me?
For me too.
For me too?
watashi ni
watashi ni?
watashi ni wa?
watashi ni mo
watashi ni mo?
わたしに.
わたしに?
わたしには?
わたしにも
わたしにも?
私に。
私に?
私には?
私にも
私にも?
Verbs
kuru – くる, 来る
We saw ‘suru’ (to do), one of the two Japanese irregular verbs, in lesson 8; the other irregular verb is ‘kuru’ (to come):
non-past
formal
ki-masu
casual
kuru
For example:
English
Ms. Tanaka? He comes to Japan today.
formal
casual
romaji
tanaka san wa kyou nihon ni ki-masu.
tanaka san kyou nihon ni kuru.
potential
The potential form plays the role of the English auxiliary verb ‘can’, to say things like ‘I can eat’. There is a description of how to derive the potential form from the dictionary form in the summary.
The potential form of every verb is a -ru verb, i.e., a group 2 verb. Thus, we can find the -masu form of any potential form treating it as a -ru verb.
verb group
1
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
English
I drink
I can drink
I cannot drink
I eat
I can eat
I cannot eat
I do
I can do
I cannot do
I come
I can come
I cannot come
dict.
nomu
nome-ru
nome-nai
taberu
tabe-rare-ru
tebe-rare-nai
suru
deki-ru
deki-nai
kuru
ko-rare-ru
ko-rare-nai
formal
nome-masu
nome-masen
tabe-rare-masu
tebe-rare-masen
deki-masu
deki-masen
ko-rare-masu
ko-rare-masen
Many people drop the ‘ra’ in the -rare-ru/-rare-masu terminations.
For example:
English
I can buy.
I can’t buy.
I can eat
I cannot eat
casual
kae-ru
kae-nai
tabe-(ra)re-ru
tabe-(ra)re-nai
formal
kae-masu
kae-masen
tabe-(ra)re-masu
tabe-(ra)re-masen
Potential forms do not have a direct object, so they do not take the を particle; instead they take が, or は when we need contrast:
English
sake! I can buy it.
sake? I can buy it. (I can’t buy other things)
sushi! I can eat it.
sushi? I can eat it. (I cannot eat other things)
romaji
o-sake ga kae-masu
o-sake wa kae-masu
sushi ga tabe-rare-masu
sushi wa tabe-rare-masu
Expressions
itte ki-masu – いってきます
We say ‘itte ki-masu’ when we are leaving and have the intention of coming back. This expression is formed by two separate complete sentences: ‘itte’ and ‘ki-masu’. The first sentence, ‘itte’, is the -te form of the verb ‘iku’ (to go); the second sentence, ‘ki-masu’, is the -masu form of the verb ‘kuru’ (to come).
As we pointed out in Lesson 10, the -te form is used to join sentences. The verb of each of the joined sentences must be in -te form, which then changes to the form of the verb in the final sentence:
nonde, tabete, kiite, hanashi-masu.
nonde, tabete, kiite, hanashi-mashita.
I drink, eat, listen, and speak.
I drank, ate, listened, and spoke.
In the first sentence we joined ‘nomi-masu, tabe-masu, kiki-masu, and hanashi-masu’, while in the second one, we joined ‘nomi-mashita, tabe-mashita, kiki-mashita, and hanashi-mashita’.
Now, back to ‘itte ki-masu’. This is as if we were joining ‘iki-masu and ki-masu’, i.e., ‘I’m going and I’m coming’, meaning ‘I’m leaving but I’ll be back’.
The correct response to ‘itte ki-masu’ is ‘itte rasshai’ (いってらっしゃい), which translates to ‘go and come’, but it’s understood to mean ‘have a good day’, or ‘take care’.
A very casual form of ‘itte ki-masu’ would be ‘itte kuru ne!’, which essentially means ‘ok, I’m off!’.