verbs

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Particles

no – の

A の B establishes a relationship where B is, in some way, part of A.

• place of origin/manufacturing
  
  
  

  American beer (America’s beer)
  Japanese car (Japan’s car)

  
  

  america no biiru
  nihon no kuruma

  
  
• absolute location
  
  
  

  inside the car (car’s middle)
  in front of my eyes (eye’s front)

  
  

  kuruma no naka
  me no mae

  
  
• relative location
  ko-so-a-do establish a distance to the speaker
  
  
  

  this car (“this’s” car)
  that car (“that’s” car)
  that far away car (“that-far-away’s” car)
  which car (“which’s” car)

  
  

  kono kuruma
  sono kuruma
  ano kuruma
  dono kuruma

  
  
• appearance
  
  
  

  the kimono with flowers (“flower’s” kimono)
  the postcard with flowers (“flower’s postcard)

  
  

  hana no kimono
  hana no hagaki

  
  
• Place of work
  
  
  

  Mr. Suzuki, from SONY (SONY’s Mr. Suzuki)
  Ms. Tanaka from DOCOMO (“DOCOMO’s” Ms. Tanaka)

  
  

  SONY no Suzuki san
  DOCOMO no Tanaka san

  
  

Verbs

conjunctions

kedo

If we want to connect the sentences, we need to use, from formal to casual, ‘keredomo’, ‘keredo’, or ‘kedo’:

I understand English, but I don’t understand Japanese.
eigo ga wakarimasu kedo, nihongo ga wakarimasen.

i-adjectives -i/-ku

To turn i-adjectives into adverbs, we replace the -i with -ku. ii (good) is a special i-adjective that is conjugated with its old form ‘yoi’, ‘ii‘ (good) is the adjective and ‘yoku‘ (well) is the adverb.