# | pronouns | nouns | adverbs | verbs | adject. | particles | pre/suffix. | conjun. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 | mono | yukkuri | taka-i | |||||
18 | ka-nai | motto | go- | |||||
oku-san | ||||||||
shu-jin | ||||||||
mizu | ||||||||
hon | ||||||||
19 | dare | washinton | yoroshiku | hairu | -tachi | |||
soko | wine | sumu | ||||||
watashi-tachi | hajimeru | |||||||
20 | kodomo | ooki-i | -nin (people) | |||||
ko | chiisa-i | |||||||
otoko | ||||||||
onna | ||||||||
issho | ||||||||
21 | watashi-tachi-no | o-te-arai | arau | hontou-na | ||||
toire | ||||||||
ka-zoku | ||||||||
nyuuyooku | ||||||||
hitori | ||||||||
futari | ||||||||
22 | kuruma | iu | ||||||
gasorin | kotaeru | |||||||
ritta | ||||||||
kiro | ||||||||
23 | mantan | tazuneru | massugu-na | |||||
ikimasu | too-i | |||||||
matsu | ||||||||
24 | achira | toukyou | kara (from) | sore-kara | ||||
kore | yokohama | |||||||
sore | michi | |||||||
migi | ||||||||
hidari |
verbs
the masu form – ます
present / future
past
positive
-masu
-mashita
negative
-masen
-masen deshita
# | verb | masu | kanji |
---|---|---|---|
1 | to understand | wakarimasu | 分かります |
to feel at ease | sumimasu | 済みます | |
4 | to talk | hanashimasu | 話なします |
5 | to eat | tabemasu | 食べます |
to drink | nomimasu | 飲みます | |
8 | to do | shimasu | します |
to buy | kaimasu | 買います | |
14 | to give | agemasu | あげます |
15 | to come | kimasu | 来ます |
16 | to be excessive | sugimasu | すぎます |
# | verb | masu | te form |
---|---|---|---|
10 | to listen | kikimasu | kiite |
11 | to repeat | kurikaesu | kurikaeshite |
13 | to possess | moteru | motte |
15 | to go | kuru | itte |
Particles
no – の
A の B establishes a relationship where B is, in some way, part of A.
-
place of origin/manufacturing
American beer (America’s beer)
Japanese car (Japan’s car)
america no biiru
nihon no kuruma
-
absolute location
inside the car (car’s middle)
in front of my eyes (eye’s front)
kuruma no naka
me no mae
-
relative location
ko-so-a-do establish a distance to the speaker
this car (“this’s” car)
that car (“that’s” car)
that far away car (“that-far-away’s” car)
which car (“which’s” car)
kono kuruma
sono kuruma
ano kuruma
dono kuruma
-
appearance
the kimono with flowers (“flower’s” kimono)
the postcard with flowers (“flower’s postcard)
hana no kimono
hana no hagaki
-
Place of work
Mr. Suzuki, from SONY (SONY’s Mr. Suzuki)
Ms. Tanaka from DOCOMO (“DOCOMO’s” Ms. Tanaka)
SONY no Suzuki san
DOCOMO no Tanaka san
Verbs
# | verb | masu | kanji |
---|---|---|---|
1 | to understand | wakarimasu | 分かります |
to finish | sumimasu | すみます | |
4 | to talk | hanashimasu | 話なします |
5 | to eat | tabemasu | 食べます |
to drink | nomimasu | 飲みます | |
8 | to do | shimasu | します |
to buy | kaimasu | 買います |
conjunctions
kedo
If we want to connect the sentences, we need to use, from formal to casual, ‘keredomo’, ‘keredo’, or ‘kedo’:
I understand English, but I don’t understand Japanese.
eigo ga wakarimasu kedo, nihongo ga wakarimasen.
i-adjectives -i/-ku
To turn i-adjectives into adverbs, we replace the -i with -ku. ii (good) is a special i-adjective that is conjugated with its old form ‘yoi’, ‘ii‘ (good) is the adjective and ‘yoku‘ (well) is the adverb.
romaji
alone
modify noun
modify verb
alone
modify noun
modify verb
romaji
ii desu
ii biiru
yoku wakarimasu
hayai desu
hayai hito
hayaku nomimasu
English
it’s good
good beer
understand well
it’s fast
fast person
drink quickly